It is not intended to re-evaluate proposed approaches as implementations of many works are not publicly available and re-implementations might lack important optimizations or require specific sensor hardware. This work aims at providing a comprehensive overview of published scientific literature in the field of touchless fingerprint recognition. These major advantages motivated a large amount of works published in recent years. Further, finger images acquired by a touchless sensor exhibit no deformation and comprise no latent fingerprints. Conceptual advantages like a less constrained acquisition process pave the way for new applications, improves usability and hence, user acceptance. Since then, a constantly growing number of contributions related to this topic have been published each year by numerous research laboratories working in the field of biometrics, as illustrated in Fig. To tackle these shortcomings of touch-based fingerprint recognition systems, the first touchless (also referred to as contactless) fingerprint recognition scheme was proposed by Song et al. In addition, an inconvenient acquisition process and hygienic concerns may lower the user acceptability of touch-based fingerprint systems and hence, limit their deployment. However, the touch-based fingerprint capturing process suffers from distinct problems, e.g., signals of low contrast caused by dirt or humidity on the sensor plate, latent fingerprints of previous users, or distortions due to elastic deformation of the finger caused by the pressure which is put on the sensor plate. Nowadays, large-scale touch-based fingerprint recognition systems are not only used worldwide by law enforcement and forensic agencies, but they are also deployed in the mobile market and in nation-wide applications. Automated touch-based fingerprint recognition has been a topic of research for several decades. An overview of available research resources completes the work.įingerprints, i.e., ridge and valley patterns on the tip of a human finger, are one of the most important biometric characteristics due to their known uniqueness and persistence properties. Additionally, technical considerations and trade-offs of the presented methods are discussed along with open issues and challenges. Published approaches range from self identification scenarios with commodity devices, e.g., smartphones, to high performance on-the-move deployments paving the way for new fingerprint recognition application scenarios.This work summarizes the state-of-the-art in the field of touchless 2D fingerprint recognition at each stage of the recognition process. Many works have been proposed so far to put touchless fingerprint recognition into practice. Also, further issues, e.g., interoperability between touchless and touch-based fingerprints or presentation attack detection, are currently investigated by different research groups. In particular, a reliable detection and focusing of a presented finger as well as an appropriate preprocessing of the acquired finger image represent the most crucial tasks. However, touchless fingerprint recognition systems reveal new challenges. Through a touchless acquisition process, many issues of touch-based systems are circumvented, e.g., the presence of latent fingerprints or distortions caused by pressing fingers on a sensor surface. Touchless fingerprint recognition represents a rapidly growing field of research which has been studied for more than a decade.
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